poko

✏️ Editing: 377c8db59d32e646

LSCH�/j�+/j��B�	��������J���������/x402.phpf69_HTTP.404,f69_404,f69_URL.080c118659ecb845a2f8cc2b6dd3552a,f69_X-Powered-By: PHP/8.2.31
Expires: Wed, 11 Jan 1984 05:00:00 GMT
Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0, no-store, private
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Link: <https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/"
X-LiteSpeed-Cache-Control: public,max-age=3600
X-LiteSpeed-Tag: f69_HTTP.404,f69_404,f69_URL.080c118659ecb845a2f8cc2b6dd3552a,f69_

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebSite" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"/>
    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Optimistic Scholar RSS Feed"
          href="https://optimisticscholar.com/feed/"/>
    <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Optimistic Scholar Atom Feed"
          href="https://optimisticscholar.com/feed/atom/"/>
    <link rel="pingback" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/xmlrpc.php"/>
    
	<title>Page not found &#8211; Optimistic Scholar</title>
<link rel='preconnect' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='preconnect' href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' />
<meta http-equiv='x-dns-prefetch-control' content='on'>
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.gstatic.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.gravatar.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google-analytics.com' />
<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Optimistic Scholar &raquo; Feed" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Optimistic Scholar &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/comments/feed/" />
<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
</style>

img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}
/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=7.0' media='all' />
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css">
.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote :where(cite),.wp-block-pullquote :where(footer),.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/theme.min.css */
</style>
<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */
</style>
<style id="block-soledad-style-inline-css">
.pchead-e-block{--pcborder-cl:#dedede;--pcaccent-cl:#6eb48c}.heading1-style-1>h1,.heading1-style-2>h1,.heading2-style-1>h2,.heading2-style-2>h2,.heading3-style-1>h3,.heading3-style-2>h3,.heading4-style-1>h4,.heading4-style-2>h4,.heading5-style-1>h5,.heading5-style-2>h5{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--pcborder-cl);overflow:hidden}.heading1-style-2>h1,.heading2-style-2>h2,.heading3-style-2>h3,.heading4-style-2>h4,.heading5-style-2>h5{border-bottom-width:0;position:relative}.heading1-style-2>h1:before,.heading2-style-2>h2:before,.heading3-style-2>h3:before,.heading4-style-2>h4:before,.heading5-style-2>h5:before{content:'';width:50px;height:2px;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2;background:var(--pcaccent-cl);position:absolute}.heading1-style-2>h1:after,.heading2-style-2>h2:after,.heading3-style-2>h3:after,.heading4-style-2>h4:after,.heading5-style-2>h5:after{content:'';width:100%;height:2px;bottom:0;left:20px;z-index:1;background:var(--pcborder-cl);position:absolute}.heading1-style-3>h1,.heading1-style-4>h1,.heading2-style-3>h2,.heading2-style-4>h2,.heading3-style-3>h3,.heading3-style-4>h3,.heading4-style-3>h4,.heading4-style-4>h4,.heading5-style-3>h5,.heading5-style-4>h5{position:relative;padding-left:20px}.heading1-style-3>h1:before,.heading1-style-4>h1:before,.heading2-style-3>h2:before,.heading2-style-4>h2:before,.heading3-style-3>h3:before,.heading3-style-4>h3:before,.heading4-style-3>h4:before,.heading4-style-4>h4:before,.heading5-style-3>h5:before,.heading5-style-4>h5:before{width:10px;height:100%;content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;background:var(--pcaccent-cl)}.heading1-style-4>h1,.heading2-style-4>h2,.heading3-style-4>h3,.heading4-style-4>h4,.heading5-style-4>h5{padding:10px 20px;background:#f1f1f1}.heading1-style-5>h1,.heading2-style-5>h2,.heading3-style-5>h3,.heading4-style-5>h4,.heading5-style-5>h5{position:relative;z-index:1}.heading1-style-5>h1:before,.heading2-style-5>h2:before,.heading3-style-5>h3:before,.heading4-style-5>h4:before,.heading5-style-5>h5:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:200px;height:50%;transform:skew(-25deg) translateX(0);background:var(--pcaccent-cl);z-index:-1;opacity:.4}.heading1-style-6>h1,.heading2-style-6>h2,.heading3-style-6>h3,.heading4-style-6>h4,.heading5-style-6>h5{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:4px;text-decoration-color:var(--pcaccent-cl)}
/*# sourceURL=https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/inc/block/heading-styles/build/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 12px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 32px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 14px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal) !important;}.has-huge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge) !important;}
:root :where(.wp-block-icon svg){width: 24px;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-term-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-term-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.1.6' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='t4bnt-style-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/t4b-news-ticker/assets/css/t4bnt-scroll.css?ver=1.4.5' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat+Alternates%3A300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%7CRoboto%3A300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%26subset%3Dlatin%2Ccyrillic%2Ccyrillic-ext%2Cgreek%2Cgreek-ext%2Clatin-ext&#038;display=swap&#038;ver=8.7.3' media='' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci-main-style-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/main.css?ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci-swiper-bundle-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/css/swiper-bundle.min.css?ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci-font-awesomeold-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/css/font-awesome.4.7.0.swap.min.css?ver=4.7.0' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci_icon-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/css/penci-icon.min.css?ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci_style-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/style.css?ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci_social_counter-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/css/social-counter.css?ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penci-header-builder-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat%3A300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%26subset%3Dlatin%2Ccyrillic%2Ccyrillic-ext%2Cgreek%2Cgreek-ext%2Clatin-ext&#038;display=swap&#038;ver=8.7.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/eicons/css/elementor-icons.min.css?ver=5.49.0' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-12-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-12.css?ver=1781236671' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-813-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-813.css?ver=1781236672' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-roboto-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/roboto.css?ver=1742270293' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-robotoslab-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/robotoslab.css?ver=1742270320' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-shared-0-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=5.15.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-fa-solid-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/solid.min.css?ver=5.15.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-fa-brands-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/brands.min.css?ver=5.15.3' media='all' />
<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1"></script>

<script id="google_gtagjs-js" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-WK2NH2MJ" async></script>
<script id="google_gtagjs-js-after">
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["optimisticscholar.com"]});
gtag("js", new Date());
gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true);
gtag("config", "GT-WK2NH2MJ");
//# sourceURL=google_gtagjs-js-after
</script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 7.0" />
<meta name="generator" content="Soledad 8.7.3" />
<meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.180.0" /><style id="penci-custom-style" type="text/css">body{ --pcbg-cl: #fff; --pctext-cl: #313131; --pcborder-cl: #dedede; --pcheading-cl: #313131; --pcmeta-cl: #888888; --pcaccent-cl: #6eb48c; --pcbody-font: 'PT Serif', serif; --pchead-font: 'Raleway', sans-serif; --pchead-wei: bold; --pcava_bdr:10px;--pcajs_fvw:470px;--pcajs_fvmw:220px; } .single.penci-body-single-style-5 #header, .single.penci-body-single-style-6 #header, .single.penci-body-single-style-10 #header, .single.penci-body-single-style-5 .pc-wrapbuilder-header, .single.penci-body-single-style-6 .pc-wrapbuilder-header, .single.penci-body-single-style-10 .pc-wrapbuilder-header { --pchd-mg: 40px; } .fluid-width-video-wrapper > div { position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } .yt-video-place { position: relative; text-align: center; } .yt-video-place.embed-responsive .start-video { display: block; top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0; right: 0; position: absolute; transform: none; } .yt-video-place.embed-responsive .start-video img { margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 50%; display: inline-block; position: absolute; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 68px; height: auto; } .mfp-bg { top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 9999999; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; background: #0b0b0b; opacity: .8; filter: alpha(opacity=80) } .mfp-wrap { top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 9999999; position: fixed; outline: none !important; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden } .penci-image-holder:before{ padding-top: 100%; } body { --pchead-font: 'Montserrat Alternates', sans-serif; } body { --pcbody-font: 'Roboto', sans-serif; } p{ line-height: 1.8; } .penci-hide-tagupdated{ display: none !important; } body, .widget ul li a{ font-size: 16px; } .widget ul li, .widget ol li, .post-entry, p, .post-entry p { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.8; } .featured-area.featured-style-42 .item-inner-content, .featured-style-41 .swiper-slide, .slider-40-wrapper .nav-thumb-creative .thumb-container:after,.penci-slider44-t-item:before,.penci-slider44-main-wrapper .item, .penci-image-holder, .penci-mega-post-inner, .standard-post-image img, .penci-overlay-over:before, .penci-overlay-over .overlay-border, .penci-grid li .item img, .penci-masonry .item-masonry a img, .penci-grid .list-post.list-boxed-post, .penci-grid li.list-boxed-post-2 .content-boxed-2, .grid-mixed, .penci-grid li.typography-style .overlay-typography, .penci-grid li.typography-style .overlay-typography:before, .penci-grid li.typography-style .overlay-typography:after, .container-single .post-image, .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo .mag-overlay-photo, .mag-single-slider-overlay, ul.homepage-featured-boxes li .penci-fea-in:before, ul.homepage-featured-boxes li .penci-fea-in:after, ul.homepage-featured-boxes .penci-fea-in .fea-box-img:after, ul.homepage-featured-boxes li .penci-fea-in, .penci-slider38-overlay, .pcbg-thumb, .pcbg-bgoverlay, .pcrlt-style-2 .item-related .item-related-inner, .post-pagination.pcpagp-style-3 .next-post-inner, .post-pagination.pcpagp-style-3 .prev-post-inner { border-radius: 12px; -webkit-border-radius: 12px; } .penci-featured-content-right:before{ border-top-right-radius: 12px; border-bottom-right-radius: 12px; } .penci-slider4-overlay, .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .featured-style-29 .featured-slider-overlay, .penci-widget-slider-overlay{ border-radius: 12px; -webkit-border-radius: 12px; } .penci-flat-overlay .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before{ border-bottom-left-radius: 12px; border-bottom-right-radius: 12px; } .post-pagination.pcpagp-style-3 .next-post-inner, .post-pagination.pcpagp-style-3 .prev-post-inner, .pcrlt-style-2 .item-related .item-related-inner {overflow: hidden} .featured-area.featured-style-42 .item-inner-content, .featured-style-41 .swiper-slide, .slider-40-wrapper .nav-thumb-creative .thumb-container:after,.penci-slider44-t-item:before,.penci-slider44-main-wrapper .item, .featured-area .penci-image-holder, .featured-area .penci-slider4-overlay, .featured-area .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .featured-style-29 .featured-slider-overlay, .penci-slider38-overlay{ border-radius: ; -webkit-border-radius: ; } .penci-featured-content-right:before{ border-top-right-radius: 12px; border-bottom-right-radius: 12px; } .penci-flat-overlay .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before{ border-bottom-left-radius: 12px; border-bottom-right-radius: 12px; } .container-single .post-image{ border-radius: ; -webkit-border-radius: ; } .penci-mega-post-inner, .penci-mega-thumbnail .penci-image-holder{ border-radius: ; -webkit-border-radius: ; } .penci-magazine-slider .mag-item-1 .mag-meta-child span:after, .penci-magazine-slider .mag-meta-child span:after, .post-box-meta-single > span:before, .standard-top-meta > span:before, .penci-mag-featured-content .feat-meta > span:after, .penci-featured-content .feat-text .feat-meta > span:after, .featured-style-35 .featured-content-excerpt .feat-meta > span:after, .penci-post-box-meta .penci-box-meta span:after, .grid-post-box-meta span:after, .overlay-post-box-meta > div:after{ box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: 4px; height: 4px; border: 1px solid; border-radius: 2px; transform: translateY(-2px); -webkit-transform: translateY(-2px); } .cat > a.penci-cat-name:after{ width: 4px; height: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; transform: none; border-radius: 2px; margin-top: -2px; border-width: 2px; } .cat > a.penci-cat-name{ font-size: 11px; padding: 2px 7px; color: #fff; line-height: 14px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); margin: 0 6px 5px 0; } .cat > a.penci-cat-name:last-child{ padding: 2px 7px; } body.rtl .cat > a.penci-cat-name{ margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 0; } .cat > a.penci-cat-name:hover{ background: var(--pcaccent-cl); } .cat > a.penci-cat-name:after{ content: none; display: none; } body.pcdm-enable.pcdark-mode .cat > a.penci-cat-name{ background:var(--pcbg-l-cl); color:var(--pctext-cl) !important; } body.pcdm-enable.pcdark-mode .cat > a.penci-cat-name:hover{ background:var(--pcaccent-cl); color:var(--pctext-cl) !important; } .cat > a.penci-cat-name{ border-radius: 20px; -webkit-border-radius: 20px;} .cat > a.penci-cat-name, .cat > a.penci-cat-name:last-child{ padding: 2px 10px; } #logo a { max-width:240px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 960px) and (min-width: 768px){ #logo img{ max-width: 100%; } } .editor-styles-wrapper, body{ --pcaccent-cl: #2962ff; } .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .lines-button:after, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:before, .penci-menuhbg-toggle:hover .penci-lines:after,.tags-share-box.tags-share-box-s2 .post-share-plike,.penci-video_playlist .penci-playlist-title,.pencisc-column-2.penci-video_playlist .penci-video-nav .playlist-panel-item, .pencisc-column-1.penci-video_playlist .penci-video-nav .playlist-panel-item,.penci-video_playlist .penci-custom-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb, .pencisc-button, .post-entry .pencisc-button, .penci-dropcap-box, .penci-dropcap-circle, .penci-login-register input[type="submit"]:hover, .penci-ld .penci-ldin:before, .penci-ldspinner > div{ background: #2962ff; } a, .post-entry .penci-portfolio-filter ul li a:hover, .penci-portfolio-filter ul li a:hover, .penci-portfolio-filter ul li.active a, .post-entry .penci-portfolio-filter ul li.active a, .penci-countdown .countdown-amount, .archive-box h1, .post-entry a, .container.penci-breadcrumb span a:hover,.container.penci-breadcrumb a:hover, .post-entry blockquote:before, .post-entry blockquote cite, .post-entry blockquote .author, .wpb_text_column blockquote:before, .wpb_text_column blockquote cite, .wpb_text_column blockquote .author, .penci-pagination a:hover, ul.penci-topbar-menu > li a:hover, div.penci-topbar-menu > ul > li a:hover, .penci-recipe-heading a.penci-recipe-print,.penci-review-metas .penci-review-btnbuy, .main-nav-social a:hover, .widget-social .remove-circle a:hover i, .penci-recipe-index .cat > a.penci-cat-name, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-body ul.forum li.bbp-forum-info a:hover, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-body ul.topic li.bbp-topic-title a:hover, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-body ul.forum li.bbp-forum-info .bbp-forum-content a, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-body ul.topic p.bbp-topic-meta a, #bbpress-forums .bbp-breadcrumb a:hover, #bbpress-forums .bbp-forum-freshness a:hover, #bbpress-forums .bbp-topic-freshness a:hover, #buddypress ul.item-list li div.item-title a, #buddypress ul.item-list li h4 a, #buddypress .activity-header a:first-child, #buddypress .comment-meta a:first-child, #buddypress .acomment-meta a:first-child, div.bbp-template-notice a:hover, .penci-menu-hbg .menu li a .indicator:hover, .penci-menu-hbg .menu li a:hover, #sidebar-nav .menu li a:hover, .penci-rlt-popup .rltpopup-meta .rltpopup-title:hover, .penci-video_playlist .penci-video-playlist-item .penci-video-title:hover, .penci_list_shortcode li:before, .penci-dropcap-box-outline, .penci-dropcap-circle-outline, .penci-dropcap-regular, .penci-dropcap-bold{ color: #2962ff; } .penci-home-popular-post ul.slick-dots li button:hover, .penci-home-popular-post ul.slick-dots li.slick-active button, .post-entry blockquote .author span:after, .error-image:after, .error-404 .go-back-home a:after, .penci-header-signup-form, .woocommerce span.onsale, .woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce button.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce nav.woocommerce-pagination ul li span.current, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"]:before, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote .author span:after, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote .author span:after, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover, .woocommerce a.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce button.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce input.button.alt:hover, .pcheader-icon.shoping-cart-icon > a > span, #penci-demobar .buy-button, #penci-demobar .buy-button:hover, .penci-recipe-heading a.penci-recipe-print:hover,.penci-review-metas .penci-review-btnbuy:hover, .penci-review-process span, .penci-review-score-total, #navigation.menu-style-2 ul.menu ul.sub-menu:before, #navigation.menu-style-2 .menu ul ul.sub-menu:before, .penci-go-to-top-floating, .post-entry.blockquote-style-2 blockquote:before, #bbpress-forums #bbp-search-form .button, #bbpress-forums #bbp-search-form .button:hover, .wrapper-boxed .bbp-pagination-links span.current, #bbpress-forums #bbp_reply_submit:hover, #bbpress-forums #bbp_topic_submit:hover,#main .bbp-login-form .bbp-submit-wrapper button[type="submit"]:hover, #buddypress .dir-search input[type=submit], #buddypress .groups-members-search input[type=submit], #buddypress button:hover, #buddypress a.button:hover, #buddypress a.button:focus, #buddypress input[type=button]:hover, #buddypress input[type=reset]:hover, #buddypress ul.button-nav li a:hover, #buddypress ul.button-nav li.current a, #buddypress div.generic-button a:hover, #buddypress .comment-reply-link:hover, #buddypress input[type=submit]:hover, #buddypress div.pagination .pagination-links .current, #buddypress div.item-list-tabs ul li.selected a, #buddypress div.item-list-tabs ul li.current a, #buddypress div.item-list-tabs ul li a:hover, #buddypress table.notifications thead tr, #buddypress table.notifications-settings thead tr, #buddypress table.profile-settings thead tr, #buddypress table.profile-fields thead tr, #buddypress table.wp-profile-fields thead tr, #buddypress table.messages-notices thead tr, #buddypress table.forum thead tr, #buddypress input[type=submit] { background-color: #2962ff; } .penci-pagination ul.page-numbers li span.current, #comments_pagination span { color: #fff; background: #2962ff; border-color: #2962ff; } .footer-instagram h4.footer-instagram-title > span:before, .woocommerce nav.woocommerce-pagination ul li span.current, .penci-pagination.penci-ajax-more a.penci-ajax-more-button:hover, .penci-recipe-heading a.penci-recipe-print:hover,.penci-review-metas .penci-review-btnbuy:hover, .home-featured-cat-content.style-14 .magcat-padding:before, .wrapper-boxed .bbp-pagination-links span.current, #buddypress .dir-search input[type=submit], #buddypress .groups-members-search input[type=submit], #buddypress button:hover, #buddypress a.button:hover, #buddypress a.button:focus, #buddypress input[type=button]:hover, #buddypress input[type=reset]:hover, #buddypress ul.button-nav li a:hover, #buddypress ul.button-nav li.current a, #buddypress div.generic-button a:hover, #buddypress .comment-reply-link:hover, #buddypress input[type=submit]:hover, #buddypress div.pagination .pagination-links .current, #buddypress input[type=submit], form.pc-searchform.penci-hbg-search-form input.search-input:hover, form.pc-searchform.penci-hbg-search-form input.search-input:focus, .penci-dropcap-box-outline, .penci-dropcap-circle-outline { border-color: #2962ff; } .woocommerce .woocommerce-error, .woocommerce .woocommerce-info, .woocommerce .woocommerce-message { border-top-color: #2962ff; } .penci-slider ol.penci-control-nav li a.penci-active, .penci-slider ol.penci-control-nav li a:hover, .penci-related-carousel .penci-owl-dot.active span, .penci-owl-carousel-slider .penci-owl-dot.active span{ border-color: #2962ff; background-color: #2962ff; } .woocommerce .woocommerce-message:before, .woocommerce form.checkout table.shop_table .order-total .amount, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price ins, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price, .woocommerce div.product p.price ins, .woocommerce div.product span.price ins, .woocommerce div.product p.price, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote:before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote:before, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote cite, .woocommerce div.product .entry-summary div[itemprop="description"] blockquote .author, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote cite, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs #tab-description blockquote .author, .woocommerce div.product .product_meta > span a:hover, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li.active, .woocommerce ul.cart_list li .amount, .woocommerce ul.product_list_widget li .amount, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-name a:hover, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-price span, .woocommerce table.shop_table td.product-subtotal span, .woocommerce-cart .cart-collaterals .cart_totals table td .amount, .woocommerce .woocommerce-info:before, .woocommerce div.product span.price, .penci-container-inside.penci-breadcrumb span a:hover,.penci-container-inside.penci-breadcrumb a:hover { color: #2962ff; } .standard-content .penci-more-link.penci-more-link-button a.more-link, .penci-readmore-btn.penci-btn-make-button a, .penci-featured-cat-seemore.penci-btn-make-button a{ background-color: #2962ff; color: #fff; } .penci-vernav-toggle:before{ border-top-color: #2962ff; color: #fff; } #penci-login-popup:before{ opacity: ; } .penci-header-signup-form { padding-top: px; padding-bottom: px; } .penci-header-signup-form .widget input[type="submit"] { font-size: 14px; } .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before, .slider-40-wrapper .list-slider-creative .item-slider-creative .img-container:before { opacity: ; } .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .featured-style-38 .item:hover .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before { opacity: ; } .penci-featured-content .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .slider-40-wrapper .list-slider-creative .item-slider-creative:hover .img-container:before { opacity:; } .featured-style-29 .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .penci_grid_title a, .penci-grid li .item h2 a, .penci-masonry .item-masonry h2 a, .grid-mixed .mixed-detail h2 a, .overlay-header-box .overlay-title a { text-transform: none; } .penci-grid li .item h2 a, .penci-masonry .item-masonry h2 a { } .penci-grid .cat a.penci-cat-name, .penci-masonry .cat a.penci-cat-name, .penci-featured-infor .cat a.penci-cat-name, .grid-mixed .cat a.penci-cat-name, .overlay-header-box .cat a.penci-cat-name { text-transform: uppercase; } .penci-grid li.typography-style .overlay-typography { opacity: ; } .penci-grid li.typography-style:hover .overlay-typography { opacity: ; } .penci-grid li .item h2 a, .penci-masonry .item-masonry h2 a, .penci_grid_title a{font-size:21px;} .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow { text-transform: none; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow { font-size: 23px; } .penci-sidebar-content.style-25 .widget-title span{--pcheading-cl:#dedede;} .penci-sidebar-content.style-29 .widget-title > span,.penci-sidebar-content.style-26 .widget-title,.penci-sidebar-content.style-30 .widget-title{--pcborder-cl:#dedede;} .penci-sidebar-content.style-24 .widget-title>span, .penci-sidebar-content.style-23 .widget-title>span, .penci-sidebar-content.style-29 .widget-title > span, .penci-sidebar-content.style-22 .widget-title,.penci-sidebar-content.style-21 .widget-title span{--pcaccent-cl:#dedede;} .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-4 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow:before, .penci-sidebar-content.style-4 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow:after, .penci-sidebar-content.style-5 .penci-border-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-7 .penci-border-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-9 .penci-border-arrow{ border-color: #dedede; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow:before { border-top-color: #dedede; } .penci-sidebar-content.style-16 .penci-border-arrow:after{ background-color: #dedede; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow:after { content: none; display: none; } .penci-sidebar-content .widget-title{ margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow:before{ bottom: -6px; border-width: 6px; margin-left: -6px; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow:before, .penci-sidebar-content.style-2 .penci-border-arrow:after { content: none; display: none; } #footer-section .footer-menu li a { font-size: 12px; } #footer-copyright * { font-style: normal; } #footer-section, .penci-footer-social-moved{ background-color: #111111; } .container-single .single-post-title { text-transform: none; } @media only screen and (min-width: 769px){ .container-single .single-post-title { font-size: 27px; } } .post-entry.blockquote-style-3 blockquote:not(.wp-block-quote) p, .post-entry.blockquote-style-4 blockquote:not(.wp-block-quote) p, .post-entry.blockquote-style-5 blockquote:not(.wp-block-quote) p, .post-entry blockquote.wp-block-quote p, .wpb_text_column blockquote.wp-block-quote p, .post-entry blockquote, .post-entry blockquote p, .wpb_text_column blockquote, .wpb_text_column blockquote p, .woocommerce .page-description blockquote, .woocommerce .page-description blockquote p{ font-size: 21px; } .container-single .penci-standard-cat .cat > a.penci-cat-name{ font-size: 12px; } .post-box-meta-single, .tags-share-box .single-comment-o{ font-size: 14px; } .container-single .single-post-title { } .container-single .cat a.penci-cat-name { text-transform: uppercase; } .list-post .header-list-style:after, .grid-header-box:after, .penci-overlay-over .overlay-header-box:after, .home-featured-cat-content .first-post .magcat-detail .mag-header:after { content: none; } .list-post .header-list-style, .grid-header-box, .penci-overlay-over .overlay-header-box, .home-featured-cat-content .first-post .magcat-detail .mag-header{ padding-bottom: 0; } .penci-post-box-meta.penci-post-box-grid .penci-post-share-box{ padding: 0; background: none !important; } .penci-post-box-meta.penci-post-box-grid:before{ content: none; } .header-standard-wrapper, .penci-author-img-wrapper .author{justify-content: start;} .penci-body-single-style-16 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-11 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-12 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-14 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-16 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-17 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-18 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-19 .penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-22 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-22 .container-single .header-standard, .penci-body-single-style-22 .container-single .post-box-meta-single, .penci-single-style-12 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-11 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-21 .single-breadcrumb,.penci-single-style-6 .single-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-5 .single-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-4 .single-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-3 .single-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-9 .single-breadcrumb, .penci-single-style-7 .single-breadcrumb{ text-align: left; } .penci-single-style-12 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .penci-body-single-style-11 .container.penci-breadcrumb, .container-single .header-standard, .container-single .post-box-meta-single { text-align: left; } .rtl .container-single .header-standard,.rtl .container-single .post-box-meta-single { text-align: right; } .container-single .post-pagination h5 { text-transform: none; } #respond h3.comment-reply-title span:before, #respond h3.comment-reply-title span:after, .post-box-title:before, .post-box-title:after { content: none; display: none; } .container-single .item-related h3 a { text-transform: none; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .home-featured-cat-content .mag-photo:hover .mag-overlay-photo { opacity: ; } .inner-item-portfolio:hover .penci-portfolio-thumbnail a:after { opacity: ; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1500px) and (min-width: 961px) { .penci-vernav-enable .container { max-width: 100%; max-width: calc(100% - 30px); } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes{ display: block; } .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:before, .penci-vernav-enable .container.home-featured-boxes:after{ content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } } .widget ul li, .post-entry, p, .post-entry p {text-align: left;} .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow { text-transform: none; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow { font-size: 23px; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-block-vc.style-4 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow:before, .penci-block-vc.style-4 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow:after, .penci-block-vc.style-5 .penci-border-arrow, .penci-block-vc.style-7 .penci-border-arrow, .penci-block-vc.style-9 .penci-border-arrow { border-color: #dedede; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow:before { border-top-color: #dedede; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow:after { content: none; display: none; } .penci-block-vc .widget-title{ margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow:before{ bottom: -6px; border-width: 6px; margin-left: -6px; } .penci-block-vc .penci-border-arrow:before, .penci-block-vc .style-2.penci-border-arrow:after { content: none; display: none; } body { --pcdm_btnbg: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1); --pcdm_btnd: #666; --pcdm_btndbg: #fff; --pcdm_btnn: var(--pctext-cl); --pcdm_btnnbg: var(--pcbg-cl); } body.pcdm-enable { --pcbg-cl: #000000; --pcbg-l-cl: #1a1a1a; --pcbg-d-cl: #000000; --pctext-cl: #fff; --pcborder-cl: #313131; --pcborders-cl: #3c3c3c; --pcheading-cl: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); --pcmeta-cl: #999999; --pcl-cl: #fff; --pclh-cl: #2962ff; --pcaccent-cl: #2962ff; background-color: var(--pcbg-cl); color: var(--pctext-cl); } body.pcdark-df.pcdm-enable.pclight-mode { --pcbg-cl: #fff; --pctext-cl: #313131; --pcborder-cl: #dedede; --pcheading-cl: #313131; --pcmeta-cl: #888888; --pcaccent-cl: #2962ff; }</style>        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-Fav-Icon.png"
              type="image/x-icon"/>
        <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-Fav-Icon.png">
	<script>
var penciBlocksArray=[];
var portfolioDataJs = portfolioDataJs || [];var PENCILOCALCACHE = {};
		(function () {
				"use strict";
		
				PENCILOCALCACHE = {
					data: {},
					remove: function ( ajaxFilterItem ) {
						delete PENCILOCALCACHE.data[ajaxFilterItem];
					},
					exist: function ( ajaxFilterItem ) {
						return PENCILOCALCACHE.data.hasOwnProperty( ajaxFilterItem ) && PENCILOCALCACHE.data[ajaxFilterItem] !== null;
					},
					get: function ( ajaxFilterItem ) {
						return PENCILOCALCACHE.data[ajaxFilterItem];
					},
					set: function ( ajaxFilterItem, cachedData ) {
						PENCILOCALCACHE.remove( ajaxFilterItem );
						PENCILOCALCACHE.data[ajaxFilterItem] = cachedData;
					}
				};
			}
		)();function penciBlock() {
		    this.atts_json = '';
		    this.content = '';
		}</script>
<script type="application/ld+json">{
    "@context": "https:\/\/schema.org\/",
    "@type": "organization",
    "@id": "#organization",
    "logo": {
        "@type": "ImageObject",
        "url": "https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
    },
    "url": "https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/",
    "name": "Optimistic Scholar",
    "description": "Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to\u00a0Distinction"
}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{
    "@context": "https:\/\/schema.org\/",
    "@type": "WebSite",
    "name": "Optimistic Scholar",
    "alternateName": "Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to\u00a0Distinction",
    "url": "https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/"
}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{
    "@context": "https:\/\/schema.org\/",
    "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
    "itemListElement": [
        {
            "@type": "ListItem",
            "position": 1,
            "item": {
                "@id": "https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com",
                "name": "Home"
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "ListItem",
            "position": 2,
            "item": {
                "@id": "",
                "name": "Not Found"
            }
        }
    ]
}</script>

<meta name="google-adsense-platform-account" content="ca-host-pub-2644536267352236">
<meta name="google-adsense-platform-domain" content="sitekit.withgoogle.com">

<meta name="generator" content="Elementor 4.1.3; features: additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-swap">
			<style>
				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
					background-image: none !important;
				}
				@media screen and (max-height: 1024px) {
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
						background-image: none !important;
					}
				}
				@media screen and (max-height: 640px) {
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
						background-image: none !important;
					}
				}
			</style>
			<style id="penci-header-builder-header" type="text/css">.penci_header.penci-header-builder.main-builder-header{}.penci-header-image-logo,.penci-header-text-logo{--pchb-logo-title-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-title-fs:normal;--pchb-logo-slogan-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-slogan-fs:normal;}.pc-logo-desktop.penci-header-image-logo img{max-width:150px;max-height:60px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-image-logo img{}}.penci_builder_sticky_header_desktop .penci-header-image-logo img{}.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-text-logo{--pchb-m-logo-title-fw:bold;--pchb-m-logo-title-fs:normal;--pchb-m-logo-slogan-fw:bold;--pchb-m-logo-slogan-fs:normal;}.penci_navbar_mobile .penci-header-image-logo img{max-width:150px;max-height:60px;}.penci_navbar_mobile .sticky-enable .penci-header-image-logo img{}.pb-logo-sidebar-mobile{--pchb-logo-sm-title-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-sm-title-fs:normal;--pchb-logo-sm-slogan-fw:bold;--pchb-logo-sm-slogan-fs:normal;}.pc-builder-element.pb-logo-sidebar-mobile img{max-width:220px;max-height:60px;}.pc-logo-sticky{}.pc-builder-element.pc-logo-sticky.pc-logo img{}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu{--pchb-main-menu-fs:16px;--pchb-main-menu-fs_l2:14px;--pchb-main-menu-tt: none;}.pc-builder-element.pc-second-menu{}.pc-builder-element.pc-third-menu{}.pc-builder-element.pc-vertical-menu{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1{margin-right:20px;padding-top:8px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:15px;border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;background-color:#2962ff;color:#ffffff;}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1:hover{background-color:#111111;color:#ffffff;}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-2:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-3{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-3:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-1{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-1:hover{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-2{}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-mobile-2:hover{}.penci-builder-mobile-sidebar-nav.penci-menu-hbg{border-width:0;border-style:solid;}.pc-builder-menu.pc-dropdown-menu{--pchb-dd-lv1:12px;--pchb-dd-lv2:12px;}.penci-header-builder .pc-builder-element.pc-logo{padding-left:20px;}.penci-header-builder .pc-builder-element.pc-builder-menu{margin-left:10px;}.penci-header-builder .pc-builder-element.penci-top-search{margin-right:15px;padding-right:0px;}.penci-mobile-midbar{border-bottom-width:1px;}.penci-builder-mobile-sidebar-nav .penci-builder-element.penci-html-ads-mobile{}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li > a:hover,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li:hover > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation ul.menu ul.sub-menu a:hover{color:#2962ff}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu li.current-menu-item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current_page_item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current-menu-ancestor > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu > li.current-menu-item > a{color:#2962ff}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation ul.menu ul.sub-menu li a:hover{color:#2962ff}.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu .sub-menu > li.current_page_item > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu .sub-menu > li.current-menu-ancestor > a,.pc-builder-element.pc-main-menu .navigation .menu .sub-menu > li.current-menu-item > a{color:#2962ff}body:not(.rtl) .penci-builder-element.desktop-social .inner-header-social a{margin-right:5px}body.rtl .penci-builder-element.desktop-social .inner-header-social a{margin-left:5px}.penci-builder-button.button-1{font-size:12px}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1{font-family:'Montserrat', sans-serif}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1{font-weight:bold}.penci-builder.penci-builder-button.button-1{font-style:normal}.penci_builder_sticky_header_desktop{border-style:solid}.penci_header.main-builder-header{border-style:solid}.penci-builder-element.penci-html-ads-mobile,.penci-builder-element.penci-html-ads-mobile *{font-size:15px}.pc-builder-element.pc-logo.pb-logo-mobile{}.pc-header-element.penci-topbar-social .pclogin-item a{}.pc-header-element.penci-topbar-social-mobile .pclogin-item a{}body.penci-header-preview-layout .wrapper-boxed{min-height:1500px}.penci_header_overlap .penci-desktop-topblock,.penci-desktop-topblock{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-desktop-topbar,.penci-desktop-topbar{border-width:0;border-color:#dedede;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1px;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-desktop-midbar,.penci-desktop-midbar{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-desktop-bottombar,.penci-desktop-bottombar{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-desktop-bottomblock,.penci-desktop-bottomblock{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-sticky-top,.penci-sticky-top{border-width:0;border-style:solid;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-sticky-mid,.penci-sticky-mid{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-sticky-bottom,.penci-sticky-bottom{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-mobile-topbar,.penci-mobile-topbar{border-width:0;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-mobile-midbar,.penci-mobile-midbar{border-width:0;border-color:#dedede;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1px;}.penci_header_overlap .penci-mobile-bottombar,.penci-mobile-bottombar{border-width:0;}</style>
    
     
      <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/>
      <meta property="og:site_name" content="Optimistic Scholar"/>
      <meta property="og:title" content="Optimistic Scholar"/>
      <meta property="og:url" content="https://optimisticscholar.com/x402.php"/>
      <meta property="og:type" content="article"/>
      <meta property="og:description" content="Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to Distinction"/>
     
      <meta itemprop="name" content="Optimistic Scholar"/>
      <meta itemprop="headline" content="Optimistic Scholar"/>
      <meta itemprop="description" content="Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to Distinction"/>
       
     
      <meta name="twitter:title" content="Optimistic Scholar"/>
      <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://optimisticscholar.com/x402.php"/>
      <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to Distinction"/>
      <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/>
     
     
     
    
        
    
</head>

</div>

<div class="pc-builder-element pc-builder-menu pc-main-menu">
        <nav class="navigation menu-style-1 no-class menu-item-normal pcremove-lineh" role="navigation"
		     itemscope
             itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
			<ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1837"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">HOME</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1838"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1839"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1849"><a href="#">Categories</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-1850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1850"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">Academic Careers</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1851" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1851"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">Academic Job Market</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1852" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1852"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3017" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3017"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/conference/">Conference</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3018" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3018"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/education-hacks/">Education Hacks</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1853"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">Fellowship Programs</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1854"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">Grant Opportunities</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3019" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3019"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/internship/">Internship</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3020"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/lecture-note/">Lecture Note</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3021"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/library-and-information-science/">Library and Information Science</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3022"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/phd-defence/">PHD Defence</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1855"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">Publishing &amp; Peer Review</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1856"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">Research Dissemination</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3023" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3023"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholar-digest/">Scholar Digest</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1857"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-1858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1858"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">Success Stories</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3024"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/webinar/">Webinar</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-3025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3025"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/workshop/">Workshop</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-1879" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1879"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
</ul>        </nav>
    </div>
	
                </div>

<div class="header-social desktop-social penci-builder-element">
    <div class="inner-header-social social-icon-style penci-social-circle penci-social-colored">
		                <a href="https://facebook.com/OptimisticService"
                   aria-label="Facebook"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-facebook" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://twitter.com/OptimisticPoint"
                   aria-label="Twitter"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon penciicon-x-twitter" ></i></a>
				                <a href="#"
                   aria-label="Instagram"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-instagram" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optimistic-concept-services/%20"
                   aria-label="Linkedin"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-linkedin" ></i></a>
				                <a href="http://info@optimisticscholar.com"
                   aria-label="Email"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-envelope" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://chat.whatsapp.com/D4Sxst5zokHGpl9givTAaN"
                   aria-label="Whatsapp"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-whatsapp" ></i></a>
				    </div>
</div>
<div id="top-search"
     class="pc-builder-element penci-top-search pcheader-icon top-search-classes ">
    <a href="#" aria-label="Search" class="search-click pc-button-define-customize">
        <i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
    </a>
    <div class="show-search pcbds-">
        					<form role="search" method="get" class="pc-searchform"
			      action="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
				<div class="pc-searchform-inner">
					<input
						type="text"
						class="search-input"
						placeholder="Type and hit enter..."
						name="s"
					/>
					<i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
					<button type="submit" class="searchsubmit penci-ele-btn">
						Search					</button>
				</div>
			</form>
			                <a href="#" aria-label="Close" class="search-click close-search"><i class="penciicon-close-button"></i></a>
    </div>
</div>

</div>

</div>
    </div>
</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="penci_header penci-header-builder main-builder-header  normal no-shadow  ">
		<div class="penci_topbar penci-desktop-topbar penci_container bg-normal pcmiddle-center pc-hasel">
    <div class="container container-fullwidth">
        <div class="penci_nav_row">
			
                <div class="penci_nav_col penci_nav_left penci_nav_flexleft penci_nav_alignleft">

</div>

<div class="pc-builder-element pc-builder-menu pc-main-menu">
        <nav class="navigation menu-style-1 no-class menu-item-normal pcremove-lineh" role="navigation"
		     itemscope
             itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
			<ul id="menu-main-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1837"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">HOME</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1838"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1839"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1849"><a href="#">Categories</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1850"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">Academic Careers</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1851"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">Academic Job Market</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1852"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3017"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/conference/">Conference</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3018"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/education-hacks/">Education Hacks</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1853"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">Fellowship Programs</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1854"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">Grant Opportunities</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3019"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/internship/">Internship</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3020"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/lecture-note/">Lecture Note</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3021"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/library-and-information-science/">Library and Information Science</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3022"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/phd-defence/">PHD Defence</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1855"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">Publishing &amp; Peer Review</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1856"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">Research Dissemination</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3023"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholar-digest/">Scholar Digest</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1857"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1858"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">Success Stories</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3024"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/webinar/">Webinar</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3025"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/workshop/">Workshop</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1879"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
</ul>        </nav>
    </div>
	
                </div>

<div id="top-search"
     class="pc-builder-element penci-top-search pcheader-icon top-search-classes ">
    <a href="#" aria-label="Search" class="search-click pc-button-define-customize">
        <i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
    </a>
    <div class="show-search pcbds-">
        					<form role="search" method="get" class="pc-searchform"
			      action="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
				<div class="pc-searchform-inner">
					<input
						type="text"
						class="search-input"
						placeholder="Type and hit enter..."
						name="s"
					/>
					<i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
					<button type="submit" class="searchsubmit penci-ele-btn">
						Search					</button>
				</div>
			</form>
			                <a href="#" aria-label="Close" class="search-click close-search"><i class="penciicon-close-button"></i></a>
    </div>
</div>

</div>

</div>
    </div>
</div>
    </div>
	<div class="penci_navbar_mobile shadow-enable">
	<div class="penci_mobile_midbar penci-mobile-midbar penci_container sticky-enable pcmiddle-center pc-hasel bgtrans-enable">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="penci_nav_row">
			
                <div class="penci_nav_col penci_nav_left penci_nav_alignleft">

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>
    </div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="#" aria-label="Close" class="close-mobile-menu-builder mpos-left"><i
            class="penci-faicon fa fa-close"></i></a>
<div id="penci_off_canvas"
     class="penci-builder-mobile-sidebar-nav penci-menu-hbg mpos-left">
    <div class="penci_mobile_wrapper">
		<div class="nav_wrap penci-mobile-sidebar-content-wrapper">
    <div class="penci-builder-item-wrap item_main">
		    <div class="pc-builder-element pc-logo pb-logo-sidebar-mobile penci-header-image-logo ">
        <a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
            <img fetchpriority="high" class="penci-mainlogo penci-limg pclogo-cls"                  src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
                 alt="Optimistic Scholar"
                 width="672"
                 height="137">
			        </a>
    </div>
<div class="header-social penci-builder-element mobile-social">
    <div class="inner-header-social social-icon-style penci-social-circle penci-social-colored">
		                <a href="https://facebook.com/OptimisticService"
                   aria-label="Facebook"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-facebook" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://twitter.com/OptimisticPoint"
                   aria-label="Twitter"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon penciicon-x-twitter" ></i></a>
				                <a href="#"
                   aria-label="Instagram"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-instagram" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optimistic-concept-services/%20"
                   aria-label="Linkedin"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-linkedin" ></i></a>
				                <a href="http://info@optimisticscholar.com"
                   aria-label="Email"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-envelope" ></i></a>
				                <a href="https://chat.whatsapp.com/D4Sxst5zokHGpl9givTAaN"
                   aria-label="Whatsapp"  rel="noreferrer"                   target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-whatsapp" ></i></a>
				    </div>
</div>
<div class="penci-builder-element pc-search-form pc-search-form-sidebar search-style-icon-button ">			<form role="search" method="get" class="pc-searchform"
			      action="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
				<div class="pc-searchform-inner">
					<input
						type="text"
						class="search-input"
						placeholder="Type and hit enter..."
						name="s"
					/>
					<i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
					<button type="submit" class="searchsubmit penci-ele-btn">
						Search					</button>
				</div>
			</form>
			</div>    <div class="pc-builder-element pc-builder-menu pc-dropdown-menu">
        <nav class="no-class normal-click" role="navigation"
		     itemscope
             itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">
			<ul id="menu-mobile-menu" class="menu menu-hgb-main"><li id="menu-item-1866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1866"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">HOME</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1867"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1868"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1869"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">Academic Careers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1870"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">Academic Job Market</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1871"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3026"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/conference/">Conference</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3027"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/education-hacks/">Education Hacks</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1872"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">Fellowship Programs</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1873"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">Grant Opportunities</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3029"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/internship/">Internship</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3030" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3030"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/lecture-note/">Lecture Note</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3031"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/library-and-information-science/">Library and Information Science</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3032"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/phd-defence/">PHD Defence</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3033" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3033"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/professional-news/">Professional News</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1874"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">Publishing &amp; Peer Review</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3034" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3034"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/public-lecture/">Public Lecture</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1875"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">Research Dissemination</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1876"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-1877" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1877"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">Success Stories</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3035" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3035"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholar-digest/">Scholar Digest</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3036" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3036"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/webinar/">Webinar</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3037"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/workshop/">Workshop</a></li>
</ul>        </nav>
    </div>

<div class="penci-builder-element penci-html-ads penci-html-ads-mobile-2">
	<script>(function() {
	window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || {
		listeners: [],
		forms: {
			on: function(evt, cb) {
				window.mc4wp.listeners.push(
					{
						event   : evt,
						callback: cb
					}
				);
			}
		}
	}
})();
</script><form id="mc4wp-form-1" class="mc4wp-form mc4wp-form-1817 mc4wp-ajax" method="post" data-id="1817" data-name="Subscribe for more info" ><div class="mc4wp-form-fields"><p class="mdes">Stay Informed, Stay Ahead! Subscribe to our Newsletter for the Latest Scholarship Opportunities, Career Insights, and Academic Resources.</p>
				<p class="mname"><input type="text" name="NAME" placeholder="Name..." /></p>
				<p class="memail"><input type="email" id="mc4wp_email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Email..." required /></p>
				<p class="msubmit"><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /></p></div><label style="display: none !important;">Leave this field empty if you're human: <input type="text" name="_mc4wp_honeypot" value="" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" /></label><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_timestamp" value="1781472654" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_id" value="1817" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_element_id" value="mc4wp-form-1" /><div class="mc4wp-response"></div></form></div>

<div class="penci-builder-element penci-html-ads penci-html-ads-mobile">
	<p style="margin-top: 20px;">©2024 <strong>Optimistic Scholar</strong>, Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to Distinction – All Right Reserved. Designed and Developed by <strong><a href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?phone=2348103682435&text=I%20Want%20To%20Design%20A%20Website" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Samtech Media</a></strong></p></div>
    </div>
</div>
    </div>
</div></div></div>
    <div class="container page-404">
        <div class="error-404">
            <div class="error-image">
                <img src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/images/404.png" alt="404" width="212"
                     height="87"/>
            </div>
			                <p class="sub-heading-text-404">OOPS! Page you&#039;re looking for doesn&#039;t exist. Please use search for help</p>
						<form role="search" method="get" class="pc-searchform" action="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
    <div class="pc-searchform-inner">
        <input type="text" class="search-input"
               placeholder="Type and hit enter..." name="s"/>
        <i class="penciicon-magnifiying-glass"></i>
        <input type="submit" class="searchsubmit penci-ele-btn" value="Search"/>
    </div>
</form>
			                <p class="go-back-home"><a
                            href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">Back to Home Page</a>
                </p>
			        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="clear-footer"></div>

<div id="footer-section-container" class="pcfb-wrapper"><style>.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url("https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/long-bcg.jpg");background-position:center center;background-size:cover;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a > .elementor-background-overlay{background-color:#000000;opacity:0.9;transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a > .elementor-container{max-width:1440px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;padding:30px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-64193ef > .elementor-container{max-width:1440px;}.elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9375724{text-align:center;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-9375724 img{max-width:180px;}.elementor-widget-text-editor{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap, .elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-default .elementor-drop-cap{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );border-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-584f067{line-height:1.7em;color:#BBBBBB;}.elementor-widget-button .elementor-button{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-accent-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-accent-font-weight );}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button{background-color:#2962FF;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;fill:#FFFFFF;color:#FFFFFF;border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;padding:10px 14px 10px 14px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button:focus{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#2962FF;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button .elementor-button-content-wrapper{gap:6px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0054279 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:#2962FF;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a3e59fe{text-align:center;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-a3e59fe .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"Roboto", Sans-serif;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;color:#FCFCFC;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06.elementor-element{--align-self:center;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list li ul{margin-top:25px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list > li > ul li{margin-bottom:19px;}html .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list > li > a{font-size:22px;color:#FFFFFF;}html .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list ul li a{color:#BBBBBB;}html .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list ul li a:hover{color:#2962FF;}html .elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d91a06 .mega-menu-list .menu-label{letter-spacing:4.8px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b89bd3a > .elementor-container{max-width:1440px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b89bd3a{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:-20px;}.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-secondary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-secondary-font-weight );}.elementor-widget-divider.elementor-view-stacked .elementor-icon{background-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-widget-divider.elementor-view-framed .elementor-icon, .elementor-widget-divider.elementor-view-default .elementor-icon{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );border-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-widget-divider.elementor-view-framed .elementor-icon, .elementor-widget-divider.elementor-view-default .elementor-icon svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3650c5{--divider-border-style:solid;--divider-color:#FFFFFF21;--divider-border-width:1px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3650c5 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:-10px 0px -10px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3650c5 .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b3650c5 .elementor-divider{padding-block-start:15px;padding-block-end:15px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-338e9df > .elementor-container > .elementor-column > .elementor-widget-wrap{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-338e9df > .elementor-container{max-width:1430px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-338e9df{padding:0px 0px 5px 0px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e672ce1{font-size:14px;line-height:1.7em;color:#999999;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-baddb02{--grid-template-columns:repeat(0, auto);--icon-size:15px;--grid-column-gap:15px;--grid-row-gap:5px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-baddb02 .elementor-widget-container{text-align:left;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-baddb02 .elementor-social-icon{--icon-padding:0.5em;}@media(max-width:1024px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e77415e{width:100%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-201f9d1{width:60%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8dde5a5{width:40%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-829aed8{width:25%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ddac537{width:100%;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4ecd86e{width:100%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a{padding:25px 10px 25px 10px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e77415e > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 15px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e672ce1{text-align:center;}.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-baddb02 .elementor-widget-container{text-align:center;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-813 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4daa16a{padding:25px 0px 25px 0px;}}</style>		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="813" class="elementor elementor-813" data-elementor-post-type="penci-block">
						<section class="penci-section penci-dmcheck penci-elbg-activate penci-elbg-img penci-disSticky penci-structure-10 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4daa16a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="4daa16a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
							<div class="elementor-background-overlay"></div>
							<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no">
					<div class="penci-ercol-100 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e77415e" data-id="e77415e" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<section class="penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-30 elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-64193ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="64193ef" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wide">
					<div class="penci-ercol-33 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-sb penci-sidebarSC   elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-201f9d1" data-id="201f9d1" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9375724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="9375724" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
															<img width="672" height="137" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OptimisticScholar-logo-White.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-1775" alt="" srcset="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OptimisticScholar-logo-White.png 672w, https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OptimisticScholar-logo-White-300x61.png 300w, https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OptimisticScholar-logo-White-585x119.png 585w" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" />															</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-584f067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="584f067" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>At Optimistic Scholar, we believe in the transformative power of education and the boundless opportunities it offers. Our platform serves as a comprehensive resource hub, providing valuable insights, guidance, and opportunities to individuals worldwide.</p><p>From scholarships and grants to career advice and research opportunities, we are dedicated to empowering aspiring scholars at every stage of their academic journey.</p>								</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0054279 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="0054279" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<div class="elementor-button-wrapper">
					<a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs" href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us">
						<span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper">
						<span class="elementor-button-icon">
				<i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i>			</span>
									<span class="elementor-button-text">More About Us</span>
					</span>
					</a>
				</div>
								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="penci-ercol-33 penci-ercol-order-2 penci-sticky-sb penci-sidebarSC   elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8dde5a5" data-id="8dde5a5" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a3e59fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a3e59fe" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">NEWSLETTER</h1>				</div>
				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5e6d572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5e6d572" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<script>(function() {
	window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || {
		listeners: [],
		forms: {
			on: function(evt, cb) {
				window.mc4wp.listeners.push(
					{
						event   : evt,
						callback: cb
					}
				);
			}
		}
	}
})();
</script><form id="mc4wp-form-2" class="mc4wp-form mc4wp-form-1817 mc4wp-ajax" method="post" data-id="1817" data-name="Subscribe for more info" ><div class="mc4wp-form-fields"><p class="mdes">Stay Informed, Stay Ahead! Subscribe to our Newsletter for the Latest Scholarship Opportunities, Career Insights, and Academic Resources.</p>
				<p class="mname"><input type="text" name="NAME" placeholder="Name..." /></p>
				<p class="memail"><input type="email" id="mc4wp_email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Email..." required /></p>
				<p class="msubmit"><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /></p></div><label style="display: none !important;">Leave this field empty if you&#8217;re human: <input type="text" name="_mc4wp_honeypot" value="" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" /></label><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_timestamp" value="1781472654" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_id" value="1817" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_element_id" value="mc4wp-form-2" /><div class="mc4wp-response"></div></form>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="penci-ercol-33 penci-ercol-order-3 penci-sticky-sb penci-sidebarSC   elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-829aed8" data-id="829aed8" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2d91a06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-penci-advanced-list" data-id="2d91a06" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="penci-advanced-list.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
					        <ul class="penci-sub-menu mega-menu-list">
            <li class="item-with-label heading-style-style-1">
				                    <a >
																			
													Useful Links							
						                    </a>
				
                <ul class="sub-sub-menu pcmg-subcol-2 penci-clearfix">
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-e913bee">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">
																									
																	HOME									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-857b2fc">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us">
																									
																	About Us									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-1a374d1">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us">
																									
																	Contact Us									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-d4d75c9">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">
																									
																	Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-ffe2f46">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">
																									
																	Academic Careers									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-616a849">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">
																									
																	Academic Job Marker									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-66db8ea">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">
																									
																	Academic Resources									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-6b1b9df">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">
																									
																	Fellowship Programs									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-a757893">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">
																									
																	Grant Opportunities									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-37849d6">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">
																									
																	Publishing &amp; Peer Review									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-8d85983">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">
																									
																	Research Dissemmination									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
											
                        <li class="item-with-label item-label elementor-repeater-item-34eea71">
                            <a  href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">
																									
																	Success Stories									
								                            </a>
                        </li>
					                </ul>
            </li>
        </ul>
						</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-10 elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b89bd3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b89bd3a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wide">
					<div class="penci-ercol-100 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9edd528" data-id="9edd528" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b3650c5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="b3650c5" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
							<div class="elementor-divider">
			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
						</span>
		</div>
						</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-22 elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-338e9df elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="338e9df" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended">
					<div class="penci-ercol-66 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ddac537" data-id="ddac537" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e672ce1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e672ce1" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
									<p>© 2025 &#8211; All Right Reserved.</p>								</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="penci-ercol-33 penci-ercol-order-2 penci-sticky-sb penci-sidebarSC   elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ecd86e" data-id="4ecd86e" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-baddb02 elementor-shape-circle e-grid-align-left e-grid-align-tablet-center elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons" data-id="baddb02" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="social-icons.default">
				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
							<div class="elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid" role="list">
							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-animation-pop elementor-repeater-item-7340908" href="https://facebook.com/OptimisticService" target="_blank">
						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Facebook</span>
						<i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-facebook"></i>					</a>
				</span>
							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-animation-pop elementor-repeater-item-a883937" href="https://twitter.com/OptimisticPoint" target="_blank">
						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Twitter</span>
						<i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-twitter"></i>					</a>
				</span>
							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-whatsapp elementor-animation-pop elementor-repeater-item-9570215" href="https://chat.whatsapp.com/D4Sxst5zokHGpl9givTAaN" target="_blank">
						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Whatsapp</span>
						<i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-whatsapp"></i>					</a>
				</span>
							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-animation-pop elementor-repeater-item-428134f" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optimistic-concept-services/%20" target="_blank">
						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Linkedin</span>
						<i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-linkedin"></i>					</a>
				</span>
					</div>
						</div>
				</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				</div>
		</div>
</div><script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/soledad/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>(function() {function maybePrefixUrlField () {
  const value = this.value.trim()
  if (value !== '' && value.indexOf('http') !== 0) {
    this.value = 'http://' + value
  }
}

const urlFields = document.querySelectorAll('.mc4wp-form input[type="url"]')
for (let j = 0; j < urlFields.length; j++) {
  urlFields[j].addEventListener('blur', maybePrefixUrlField)
}
})();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
        <div class="penci-go-to-top-floating pgtt-style-1"><i class="penciicon-up-chevron"></i></div>
	    <a href="#" id="close-sidebar-nav"
       class="header-1 mstyle-default"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-close" ></i></a>
    <nav id="sidebar-nav" class="header-1 mstyle-default" role="navigation"
	     itemscope
         itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement">

<div id="sidebar-nav-logo">
											                            <a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/"><img loading="lazy"
                                        class="penci-lazy penci-limg"                                         src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=&#039;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&#039;%20viewBox=&#039;0%200%20672%20137&#039;%3E%3C/svg%3E"
                                        width="672"
                                        height="137"
                                        data-src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
                                        data-lightlogo="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
                                        alt="Optimistic Scholar"/></a>
											                </div>
			
			                <div class="header-social sidebar-nav-social">
					<div class="inner-header-social">
				<a href="https://facebook.com/OptimisticService" aria-label="Facebook"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-facebook" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://twitter.com/OptimisticPoint" aria-label="Twitter"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon penciicon-x-twitter" ></i></a>
						<a href="#" aria-label="Instagram"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-instagram" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optimistic-concept-services/%20" aria-label="Linkedin"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-linkedin" ></i></a>
						<a href="http://info@optimisticscholar.com" aria-label="Email"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-envelope" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://chat.whatsapp.com/D4Sxst5zokHGpl9givTAaN" aria-label="Whatsapp"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-whatsapp" ></i></a>
			</div>
                </div>
			
			
			<ul id="menu-main-menu-2" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1837"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">HOME</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1838"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1839"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1849"><a href="#">Categories</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1850"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">Academic Careers</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1851"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">Academic Job Market</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1852"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3017"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/conference/">Conference</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3018"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/education-hacks/">Education Hacks</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1853"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">Fellowship Programs</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1854"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">Grant Opportunities</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3019"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/internship/">Internship</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3020"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/lecture-note/">Lecture Note</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3021"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/library-and-information-science/">Library and Information Science</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3022"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/phd-defence/">PHD Defence</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1855"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">Publishing &amp; Peer Review</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1856"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">Research Dissemination</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3023"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholar-digest/">Scholar Digest</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1857"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1858"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">Success Stories</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3024"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/webinar/">Webinar</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3025"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/workshop/">Workshop</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1879"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
</ul>    </nav>
    <div class="penci-menu-hbg-overlay"></div>
<div class="penci-menu-hbg penci-vernav-hide penci-menu-hbg-left">
    <div class="penci-menu-hbg-inner">
		            <a href="#" aria-label="Close" id="penci-close-hbg"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-close" ></i></a>
							                <div class="penci-hbg-header">
					                        <div class="penci-hbg-logo site-branding">
							                                <a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/"><img loading="lazy"
                                            class="penci-lazy penci-hbg-logo-img penci-limg"                                             width="672"
                                            height="137"
                                            src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=&#039;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&#039;%20viewBox=&#039;0%200%20672%20137&#039;%3E%3C/svg%3E"
                                            data-src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
                                            data-lightlogo="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/OptimisticScholar-logo-Blue.png"
                                            alt="Optimistic Scholar"/></a>
							                        </div>
						<div class="penci-hbg_sitetitle">Fueling Your Academic Voyage: From Dreams to Distinction</div>                </div>
									            <div class="penci-hbg-content penci-sidebar-content style-4 pcalign-left pciconp-right pcicon-right">
								<ul id="menu-main-menu-3" class="menu menu-hgb-main"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1837"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/">HOME</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1838"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1839"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1849"><a href="#">Categories</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1850"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-careers/">Academic Careers</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1851"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-job-market/">Academic Job Market</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1852"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/academic-resources/">Academic Resources</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3017"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/conference/">Conference</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3018"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/education-hacks/">Education Hacks</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1853"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/fellowship-programs/">Fellowship Programs</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1854"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/grant-opportunities/">Grant Opportunities</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3019"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/internship/">Internship</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3020"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/lecture-note/">Lecture Note</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3021"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/library-and-information-science/">Library and Information Science</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3022"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/phd-defence/">PHD Defence</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1855"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/publishing-peer-review/">Publishing &amp; Peer Review</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1856"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/research-dissemination/">Research Dissemination</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3023"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholar-digest/">Scholar Digest</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1857"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/scholarship-insights-tips/">Scholarship Insights &amp; Tips</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1858"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/success-stories/">Success Stories</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3024"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/webinar/">Webinar</a></li>
	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-3025"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/category/workshop/">Workshop</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy ajax-mega-menu menu-item-1879"><a href="https://optimisticscholar.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
</ul>				            </div>
            <div class="penci-hbg-footer">
				<div class="penci_menu_hbg_ftext">@2021 - All Right Reserved. Designed and Developed by <a rel="nofollow" href="https://1.envato.market/YYJ4P" target="_blank">PenciDesign</a></div>									                        <div class="header-social sidebar-nav-social penci-hbg-social-style-1">
							<div class="inner-header-social">
				<a href="https://facebook.com/OptimisticService" aria-label="Facebook"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-facebook" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://twitter.com/OptimisticPoint" aria-label="Twitter"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon penciicon-x-twitter" ></i></a>
						<a href="#" aria-label="Instagram"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-instagram" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/optimistic-concept-services/%20" aria-label="Linkedin"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-linkedin" ></i></a>
						<a href="http://info@optimisticscholar.com" aria-label="Email"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-envelope" ></i></a>
						<a href="https://chat.whatsapp.com/D4Sxst5zokHGpl9givTAaN" aria-label="Whatsapp"  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><i class="penci-faicon fa fa-whatsapp" ></i></a>
			</div>
                        </div>
									
            </div>
		    </div>
</div>
			<script>
				const lazyloadRunObserver = () => {
					const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` );
					const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => {
						entries.forEach( ( entry ) => {
							if ( entry.isIntersecting ) {
								let lazyloadBackground = entry.target;
								if( lazyloadBackground ) {
									lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' );
								}
								lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target );
							}
						});
					}, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } );
					lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => {
						lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground );
					} );
				};
				const events = [
					'DOMContentLoaded',
					'elementor/lazyload/observe',
				];
				events.forEach( ( event ) => {
					document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver );
				} );
			</script>
			<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-image-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-image.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-heading-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-heading.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-divider-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-divider.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-animation-pop-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/animations/styles/e-animation-pop.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-social-icons-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-social-icons.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-apple-webkit-css' href='https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/conditionals/apple-webkit.min.css?ver=4.1.3' media='all' />
<script id="penci-folding-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/inc/elementor/assets/js/folding.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-el-lightbox-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/inc/elementor/assets/js/lightbox.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-elementor-scroll-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/elementor-scroll.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=7496969728ca0f95732d"></script>
<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=781d11515ad3d91786ec"></script>
<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
</script>
<script id="swv-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.1.6"></script>
<script id="contact-form-7-js-before">
var wpcf7 = {
    "api": {
        "root": "https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-json\/",
        "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1"
    },
    "cached": 1
};
//# sourceURL=contact-form-7-js-before
</script>
<script id="contact-form-7-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.1.6"></script>
<script id="penci-play-js-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/penci-shortcodes/assets/play.js?ver=6.2"></script>
<script id="t4bnt-script-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/t4b-news-ticker/assets/js/t4bnt.atickers.js?ver=1.4.5"></script>
<script id="js-cookies-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/js-cookies.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="pc-lazy-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/penci-lazy.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-libs-js-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/libs-script.min.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-smoothscroll-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/smoothscroll.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="main-scripts-js-extra">
var ajax_var_more = {"url":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","megamenu_url":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","archive_more_url":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"f597c669a8","wp_rest":"b1b967565a","errorPass":"\u003Cp class=\"message message-error\"\u003EPassword does not match the confirm password\u003C/p\u003E","login":"Email Address","more":"Read more","password":"Password","headerstyle":"default","reading_bar_pos":"footer","reading_bar_h":"5","carousel_e":"swing","slider_e":"creative","fcarousel_e":"swing","fslider_e":"creative","vfloat":"","vfloatp":"bottom-right","redirect_url":"","search_multi":"","search_multi_txt":[""],"rest_url":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-json/"};
//# sourceURL=main-scripts-js-extra
</script>
<script id="main-scripts-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/main.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci_ajax_like_post-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/post-like.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="jquery.inview-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/inview.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-sticky-share-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/sticky_share.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-mc4wp-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/js/mc4wp-form.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="penci-header-builder-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/themes/soledad/inc/builder/assets/js/penci-header-builder.js?ver=8.7.3"></script>
<script id="mc4wp-forms-api-js" defer src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/js/forms.js?ver=4.13.0"></script>
<script id="mc4wp-ajax-forms-js-extra">
var mc4wp_ajax_vars = {"loading_character":"\u2022","ajax_url":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=mc4wp-form","error_text":"Oops. Something went wrong. Please try again later."};
//# sourceURL=mc4wp-ajax-forms-js-extra
</script>
<script id="mc4wp-ajax-forms-js" defer src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/mc4wp-premium/ajax-forms/assets/js/ajax-forms.js?ver=4.11.2"></script>
<script id="elementor-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/webpack.runtime.min.js?ver=4.1.3"></script>
<script id="elementor-frontend-modules-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend-modules.min.js?ver=4.1.3"></script>
<script id="jquery-ui-core-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3"></script>
<script id="elementor-frontend-js-before">
var elementorFrontendConfig = {"environmentMode":{"edit":false,"wpPreview":false,"isScriptDebug":false},"i18n":{"shareOnFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareOnTwitter":"Share on Twitter","pinIt":"Pin it","download":"Download","downloadImage":"Download image","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","zoom":"Zoom","share":"Share","playVideo":"Play Video","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","close":"Close","a11yCarouselPrevSlideMessage":"Previous slide","a11yCarouselNextSlideMessage":"Next slide","a11yCarouselFirstSlideMessage":"This is the first slide","a11yCarouselLastSlideMessage":"This is the last slide","a11yCarouselPaginationBulletMessage":"Go to slide"},"is_rtl":false,"breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"mobile":{"label":"Mobile Portrait","value":767,"default_value":767,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"mobile_extra":{"label":"Mobile Landscape","value":880,"default_value":880,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"tablet":{"label":"Tablet Portrait","value":1024,"default_value":1024,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"tablet_extra":{"label":"Tablet Landscape","value":1200,"default_value":1200,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"laptop":{"label":"Laptop","value":1366,"default_value":1366,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"widescreen":{"label":"Widescreen","value":2400,"default_value":2400,"direction":"min","is_enabled":false}},"hasCustomBreakpoints":false},"version":"4.1.3","is_static":false,"experimentalFeatures":{"additional_custom_breakpoints":true,"container":true,"theme_builder_v2":true,"nested-elements":true,"global_classes_should_enforce_capabilities":true,"e_variables":true,"e_opt_in_v4_page":true,"e_components":true,"e_interactions":true,"e_widget_creation":true,"import-export-customization":true,"e_pro_atomic_form":true,"e_pro_variables":true,"e_pro_interactions":true},"urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uploadUrl":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-content\/uploads"},"nonces":{"floatingButtonsClickTracking":"d1570f42b6","atomicFormsSendForm":"13418570cb"},"swiperClass":"swiper","settings":{"editorPreferences":[]},"kit":{"active_breakpoints":["viewport_mobile","viewport_tablet"],"global_image_lightbox":"yes","lightbox_enable_counter":"yes","lightbox_enable_fullscreen":"yes","lightbox_enable_zoom":"yes","lightbox_enable_share":"yes","lightbox_title_src":"title","lightbox_description_src":"description"},"post":{"id":0,"title":"Page not found &#8211; Optimistic Scholar","excerpt":""}};
//# sourceURL=elementor-frontend-js-before
</script>
<script id="elementor-frontend-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.1.3"></script>
<script id="elementor-pro-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/webpack-pro.runtime.min.js?ver=4.1.1"></script>
<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js-before">
var ElementorProFrontendConfig = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"1c9d7fa15a","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/","rest":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-json\/"},"settings":{"lazy_load_background_images":true},"popup":{"hasPopUps":false},"shareButtonsNetworks":{"facebook":{"title":"Facebook","has_counter":true},"twitter":{"title":"Twitter"},"linkedin":{"title":"LinkedIn","has_counter":true},"pinterest":{"title":"Pinterest","has_counter":true},"reddit":{"title":"Reddit","has_counter":true},"vk":{"title":"VK","has_counter":true},"odnoklassniki":{"title":"OK","has_counter":true},"tumblr":{"title":"Tumblr"},"digg":{"title":"Digg"},"skype":{"title":"Skype"},"stumbleupon":{"title":"StumbleUpon","has_counter":true},"mix":{"title":"Mix"},"telegram":{"title":"Telegram"},"pocket":{"title":"Pocket","has_counter":true},"xing":{"title":"XING","has_counter":true},"whatsapp":{"title":"WhatsApp"},"email":{"title":"Email"},"print":{"title":"Print"},"x-twitter":{"title":"X"},"threads":{"title":"Threads"}},"facebook_sdk":{"lang":"en_US","app_id":""},"lottie":{"defaultAnimationUrl":"https:\/\/optimisticscholar.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/modules\/lottie\/assets\/animations\/default.json"}};
//# sourceURL=elementor-pro-frontend-js-before
</script>
<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.1.1"></script>
<script id="pro-elements-handlers-js" src="https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/elements-handlers.min.js?ver=4.1.1"></script>
<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.0"}}
</script>
<script type="module">
/*! This file is auto-generated */
const a=JSON.parse(document.getElementById("wp-emoji-settings").textContent),o=(window._wpemojiSettings=a,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),s=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const a=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===a[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,a){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!a(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,a){let r;const o=(r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),s=(o.textBaseline="top",o.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{s[e]=t(o,e,n,a)}),s}function r(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}a.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",a=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const r=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(a),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(r.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),r.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(s,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)a.supports[n]=e[n],a.supports.everything=a.supports.everything&&a.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&a.supports[n]);var t;a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!a.supports.flag,a.supports.everything||((t=a.source||{}).concatemoji?r(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(r(t.twemoji),r(t.wpemoji)))});
//# sourceURL=https://optimisticscholar.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' id="soledad-pagespeed-header" data-cfasync="false">!function(n,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):(n="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:n||self).LazyLoad=t()}(this,(function(){"use strict";function n(){return n=Object.assign||function(n){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var e=arguments[t];for(var i in e)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,i)&&(n[i]=e[i])}return n},n.apply(this,arguments)}var t="undefined"!=typeof window,e=t&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),i=t&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,o=t&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),a=t&&window.devicePixelRatio>1,r={elements_selector:".lazy",container:e||t?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"loading",class_loaded:"loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},c=function(t){return n({},r,t)},u=function(n,t){var e,i="LazyLoad::Initialized",o=new n(t);try{e=new CustomEvent(i,{detail:{instance:o}})}catch(n){(e=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(i,!1,!1,{instance:o})}window.dispatchEvent(e)},l="src",s="srcset",f="sizes",d="poster",_="llOriginalAttrs",g="loading",v="loaded",b="applied",p="error",h="native",m="data-",E="ll-status",I=function(n,t){return n.getAttribute(m+t)},y=function(n){return I(n,E)},A=function(n,t){return function(n,t,e){var i="data-ll-status";null!==e?n.setAttribute(i,e):n.removeAttribute(i)}(n,0,t)},k=function(n){return A(n,null)},L=function(n){return null===y(n)},w=function(n){return y(n)===h},x=[g,v,b,p],O=function(n,t,e,i){n&&(void 0===i?void 0===e?n(t):n(t,e):n(t,e,i))},N=function(n,t){o?n.classList.add(t):n.className+=(n.className?" ":"")+t},C=function(n,t){o?n.classList.remove(t):n.className=n.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+t+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")},M=function(n){return n.llTempImage},z=function(n,t){if(t){var e=t._observer;e&&e.unobserve(n)}},R=function(n,t){n&&(n.loadingCount+=t)},T=function(n,t){n&&(n.toLoadCount=t)},G=function(n){for(var t,e=[],i=0;t=n.children[i];i+=1)"SOURCE"===t.tagName&&e.push(t);return e},D=function(n,t){var e=n.parentNode;e&&"PICTURE"===e.tagName&&G(e).forEach(t)},V=function(n,t){G(n).forEach(t)},F=[l],j=[l,d],P=[l,s,f],S=function(n){return!!n[_]},U=function(n){return n[_]},$=function(n){return delete n[_]},q=function(n,t){if(!S(n)){var e={};t.forEach((function(t){e[t]=n.getAttribute(t)})),n[_]=e}},H=function(n,t){if(S(n)){var e=U(n);t.forEach((function(t){!function(n,t,e){e?n.setAttribute(t,e):n.removeAttribute(t)}(n,t,e[t])}))}},B=function(n,t,e){N(n,t.class_loading),A(n,g),e&&(R(e,1),O(t.callback_loading,n,e))},J=function(n,t,e){e&&n.setAttribute(t,e)},K=function(n,t){J(n,f,I(n,t.data_sizes)),J(n,s,I(n,t.data_srcset)),J(n,l,I(n,t.data_src))},Q={IMG:function(n,t){D(n,(function(n){q(n,P),K(n,t)})),q(n,P),K(n,t)},IFRAME:function(n,t){q(n,F),J(n,l,I(n,t.data_src))},VIDEO:function(n,t){V(n,(function(n){q(n,F),J(n,l,I(n,t.data_src))})),q(n,j),J(n,d,I(n,t.data_poster)),J(n,l,I(n,t.data_src)),n.load()}},W=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],X=function(n,t){!t||function(n){return n.loadingCount>0}(t)||function(n){return n.toLoadCount>0}(t)||O(n.callback_finish,t)},Y=function(n,t,e){n.addEventListener(t,e),n.llEvLisnrs[t]=e},Z=function(n,t,e){n.removeEventListener(t,e)},nn=function(n){return!!n.llEvLisnrs},tn=function(n){if(nn(n)){var t=n.llEvLisnrs;for(var e in t){var i=t[e];Z(n,e,i)}delete n.llEvLisnrs}},en=function(n,t,e){!function(n){delete n.llTempImage}(n),R(e,-1),function(n){n&&(n.toLoadCount-=1)}(e),C(n,t.class_loading),t.unobserve_completed&&z(n,e)},on=function(n,t,e){var i=M(n)||n;nn(i)||function(n,t,e){nn(n)||(n.llEvLisnrs={});var i="VIDEO"===n.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";Y(n,i,t),Y(n,"error",e)}(i,(function(o){!function(n,t,e,i){var o=w(t);en(t,e,i),N(t,e.class_loaded),A(t,v),O(e.callback_loaded,t,i),o||X(e,i)}(0,n,t,e),tn(i)}),(function(o){!function(n,t,e,i){var o=w(t);en(t,e,i),N(t,e.class_error),A(t,p),O(e.callback_error,t,i),o||X(e,i)}(0,n,t,e),tn(i)}))},an=function(n,t,e){!function(n){n.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG")}(n),on(n,t,e),function(n){S(n)||(n[_]={backgroundImage:n.style.backgroundImage})}(n),function(n,t,e){var i=I(n,t.data_bg),o=I(n,t.data_bg_hidpi),r=a&&o?o:i;r&&(n.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),M(n).setAttribute(l,r),B(n,t,e))}(n,t,e),function(n,t,e){var i=I(n,t.data_bg_multi),o=I(n,t.data_bg_multi_hidpi),r=a&&o?o:i;r&&(n.style.backgroundImage=r,function(n,t,e){N(n,t.class_applied),A(n,b),e&&(t.unobserve_completed&&z(n,t),O(t.callback_applied,n,e))}(n,t,e))}(n,t,e)},rn=function(n,t,e){!function(n){return W.indexOf(n.tagName)>-1}(n)?an(n,t,e):function(n,t,e){on(n,t,e),function(n,t,e){var i=Q[n.tagName];i&&(i(n,t),B(n,t,e))}(n,t,e)}(n,t,e)},cn=function(n){n.removeAttribute(l),n.removeAttribute(s),n.removeAttribute(f)},un=function(n){D(n,(function(n){H(n,P)})),H(n,P)},ln={IMG:un,IFRAME:function(n){H(n,F)},VIDEO:function(n){V(n,(function(n){H(n,F)})),H(n,j),n.load()}},sn=function(n,t){(function(n){var t=ln[n.tagName];t?t(n):function(n){if(S(n)){var t=U(n);n.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage}}(n)})(n),function(n,t){L(n)||w(n)||(C(n,t.class_entered),C(n,t.class_exited),C(n,t.class_applied),C(n,t.class_loading),C(n,t.class_loaded),C(n,t.class_error))}(n,t),k(n),$(n)},fn=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],dn=function(n){return n.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype},_n=function(n,t,e){n.forEach((function(n){return function(n){return n.isIntersecting||n.intersectionRatio>0}(n)?function(n,t,e,i){var o=function(n){return x.indexOf(y(n))>=0}(n);A(n,"entered"),N(n,e.class_entered),C(n,e.class_exited),function(n,t,e){t.unobserve_entered&&z(n,e)}(n,e,i),O(e.callback_enter,n,t,i),o||rn(n,e,i)}(n.target,n,t,e):function(n,t,e,i){L(n)||(N(n,e.class_exited),function(n,t,e,i){e.cancel_on_exit&&function(n){return y(n)===g}(n)&&"IMG"===n.tagName&&(tn(n),function(n){D(n,(function(n){cn(n)})),cn(n)}(n),un(n),C(n,e.class_loading),R(i,-1),k(n),O(e.callback_cancel,n,t,i))}(n,t,e,i),O(e.callback_exit,n,t,i))}(n.target,n,t,e)}))},gn=function(n){return Array.prototype.slice.call(n)},vn=function(n){return n.container.querySelectorAll(n.elements_selector)},bn=function(n){return function(n){return y(n)===p}(n)},pn=function(n,t){return function(n){return gn(n).filter(L)}(n||vn(t))},hn=function(n,e){var o=c(n);this._settings=o,this.loadingCount=0,function(n,t){i&&!dn(n)&&(t._observer=new IntersectionObserver((function(e){_n(e,n,t)}),function(n){return{root:n.container===document?null:n.container,rootMargin:n.thresholds||n.threshold+"px"}}(n)))}(o,this),function(n,e){t&&window.addEventListener("online",(function(){!function(n,t){var e;(e=vn(n),gn(e).filter(bn)).forEach((function(t){C(t,n.class_error),k(t)})),t.update()}(n,e)}))}(o,this),this.update(e)};return hn.prototype={update:function(n){var t,o,a=this._settings,r=pn(n,a);T(this,r.length),!e&&i?dn(a)?function(n,t,e){n.forEach((function(n){-1!==fn.indexOf(n.tagName)&&function(n,t,e){n.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),on(n,t,e),function(n,t){var e=Q[n.tagName];e&&e(n,t)}(n,t),A(n,h)}(n,t,e)})),T(e,0)}(r,a,this):(o=r,function(n){n.disconnect()}(t=this._observer),function(n,t){t.forEach((function(t){n.observe(t)}))}(t,o)):this.loadAll(r)},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),vn(this._settings).forEach((function(n){$(n)})),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(n){var t=this,e=this._settings;pn(n,e).forEach((function(n){z(n,t),rn(n,e,t)}))},restoreAll:function(){var n=this._settings;vn(n).forEach((function(t){sn(t,n)}))}},hn.load=function(n,t){var e=c(t);rn(n,e)},hn.resetStatus=function(n){k(n)},t&&function(n,t){if(t)if(t.length)for(var e,i=0;e=t[i];i+=1)u(n,e);else u(n,t)}(hn,window.lazyLoadOptions),hn}));

(function () {

var PenciLazy = new LazyLoad({
        elements_selector: '.penci-lazy',
        data_bg: 'bgset',
        class_loading: 'lazyloading',
        class_entered: 'lazyloaded',
        class_loaded: 'pcloaded',
        unobserve_entered: true
    });

MutationObserver = window.MutationObserver || window.WebKitMutationObserver;

var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations, observer) {
        PenciLazy.update();
    });

observer.observe(document, {
        subtree: true,
        attributes: true
    });
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>

📁 File Manager